Effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on mechanical strength and bacterial inhibition of glass ionomer cements

doi:10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.30.013

Abstract

Abstract:

BACKGROUND: Glass ionomer cements have been gradually employed in many aspects of dental clinical field. However, low mechanical strength and antibacterial effect restrict its further applications.
OBJECTIVE: To proportionally explore the effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on the mechanical strength and antibacterial effect of traditional glass ionomer cements.
METHODS: Base on different mass fractions of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in glass ionomer cements, all the glass ionomer cement samples were divided into control group (no titanium dioxide nanoparticles), low titanium dioxide group (containing 3% titanium dioxide nanoparticles), medium titanium dioxide group (containing 6% titanium dioxide nanoparticles), and high titanium dioxide group (containing 9% titanium dioxide nanoparticles). A universal material testing machine and a hardness tester were used to examine flexural strength, compressive strength, and surface hardness of glass ionomer cement samples, respectively. Glass ionomer cement samples were immerged into the artificial saliva, and fluoride release was measured by using a fluoride ion selective electrode. The direct contact test was used to investigate antibacterial effect of glass ionomer cement samples towards Streptococcus mutans.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the control group, few titanium dioxide nanoparticles (low and medium titanium dioxide group) could significantly improve flexural strength, compressive strength and surface hardness of glass ionomer cement samples (P < 0.05), and high titanium dioxide nanoparticles (high titanium dioxide group) significantly decreased flexural strength, compressive strength and surface hardness (P < 0.05). The introduction of titanium dioxide nanoparticles had little effect on fluorine release behavior of glass ionomer cement samples, and greatly improved antibacterial effect of glass ionomer cement samples towards Streptococcus mutans.

中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程

全文链接：

Key words: glass ionomer, oral, mechanical strength, antibacterial effect

CLC Number:

R318

Liu Li-xia, Chen Lin . Effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on mechanical strength and bacterial inhibition of glass ionomer cements[J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2014, 18(30): 4838-4844.

Figures/Tables 3

2.1 各组玻璃离子水门汀试件的抗弯强度图1显示对照组玻璃离子水门汀与低、中、高质量分数二氧化钛组玻璃离子水门汀的抗弯强度。在不加入二氧化钛纳米颗粒时，对照组玻璃离子水门汀的抗弯强度仅为11.59×106 Pa。少量二氧化钛纳米颗粒(3%)的加入即可显著提高Fuji II的抗弯强度，达到18.67×106 Pa。当二氧化钛纳米颗粒含量继续增加时，Fuji II的抗弯强度逐渐下降，从6%二氧化钛纳米颗粒含量时的17.24×106 Pa，迅速下降到9%二氧化钛纳米颗粒含量时的5.32×106 Pa。除低质量分数二氧化钛组与加入6%二氧化钛纳米颗粒两组以外，其他的组间两两比较差异均有显著性意义(P < 0.05)。 2.2 各组玻璃离子水门汀试件的抗压强度图2显示对照组与低、中、高质量分数二氧化钛组玻璃离子水门汀的抗压强度，如图可知对照组玻璃离子水门汀的抗压强度随二氧化钛纳米颗粒的含量增加呈现先升高后降低的趋势。对照组玻璃离子水门汀的抗压强度由原始的65.04×106 Pa，提高到低质量分数二氧化钛组玻璃离子水门汀的89.35× 106 Pa。对中质量分数二氧化钛组，玻璃离子水门汀抗压强度略微降至82.23×106 Pa。当二氧化钛纳米颗粒含量进一步提高时(高质量分数二氧化钛组)，玻璃离子水门汀抗压强度显著下降，仅为46.77×106 Pa。与抗弯强度的统计学分析结果类似，除低质量分数二氧化钛组与中质量分数二氧化钛组两组间以外，其他的组间两两比较差异均有显著的显著性意义(P < 0.05)。 2.3 各组玻璃离子水门汀试件的表面硬度图3显示对照组与低、中、高质量分数二氧化钛组玻璃离子水门汀的表面维氏硬度，如图可知少量二氧化钛纳米颗粒(3%)的加入对玻璃离子水门汀的表面硬度有一定的提升效果。对低质量分数二氧化钛组玻璃离子水门汀，其维氏硬度由对照组的38.92略微增加到42.35。中质量分数二氧化钛组玻璃离子水门汀的维氏硬度与对照组相差不大，约为36.44。当二氧化钛纳米颗粒含量进一步提升时(高质量分数二氧化钛组)，玻璃离子水门汀的维氏硬度显著下降，仅为25.03。通过统计学分析发现，低质量分数二氧化钛组和高质量分数二氧化钛组与对照组的维氏硬度差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05)。 2.4 对照组与低质量分数二氧化钛组的表面结构与内部微观形态图4A，B显示对照组与低质量分数二氧化钛组通过SEM扫描电镜得到的的表面结构图。如图可知，与对照组相比，低质量分数二氧化钛组玻璃离子水门汀表面均匀性更好，表面更加光滑，同时具有更少的表面裂缝。图4C显示低质量分数二氧化钛组玻璃离子水门汀的内部微观形态，如图可知二氧化钛纳米颗粒与玻璃离子水门汀原有成分结合紧密，二氧化钛纳米颗粒大多呈现球形并均匀分布在玻璃离子水门汀试件内部。 2.5 各组玻璃离子水门汀氟释放累积量的动态变化趋势与拟合分析图5显示不同组别玻璃离子水门汀试件的氟释放累积量随时间变化趋势，如图可知各组玻璃离子水门汀的氟释放累积量随时间变化趋势均表现为平滑递增曲线，而氟释放累积量随二氧化钛纳米颗粒的含量升高而逐渐降低，在第28天时，对照组玻璃离子水门汀达到478.52 ng/mm2的氟释放累积量，随后依次为低质量分数二氧化钛组(449.87 ng/mm2)，中质量分数二氧化钛组(412.51 ng/mm2)和高质量分数二氧化钛组(364.17 ng/mm2)。采用拟合方程 Y=a+b*t0.5+c* t对4组玻璃离子水门汀氟释放累积量进行非线性回归分析。表1显示拟合方程的重要参数值和相关系数R2。如表可知，该方程可较好模拟各组玻璃离子水门汀试件的氟释放过程，对对照组、低质量分数二氧化钛组和中质量分数二氧化钛组的相关系数均为0.999，高质量分数二氧化钛组也达到了0.996。 2.6 各组玻璃离子水门汀试件对变形链球菌的抗菌性能图6显示不同组别玻璃离子水门汀试件影响下变形链球菌的吸光度随时间变化趋势。如图可知，对空白和对照组玻璃离子水门汀试样，变形链球菌呈现一个较快的生长速度，在第24小时时，吸光度分别达到了1.36和1.30，未表现出抑菌效果。而对各实验组玻璃离子水门汀试样而言，少量比例二氧化钛纳米颗粒的加入即可产生明显的抑菌效果，对低质量分数二氧化钛组，在第24小时时，吸光度仅为0.10。当二氧化钛纳米颗粒含量继续增加时，玻璃离子水门汀试样的抑菌效果略有提升，对中质量分数二氧化钛组和高质量分数二氧化钛组，第24小时时的吸光度分别为0.06和0.03。"

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